Babylonia was the ancient country of Mesopotamia which was between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers south of what is today known as Baghdâd in Iraq.
Babylonian literature was well developed in the 3rd millennium B.C. and records have been found of highly developed religion, history and science, including medicine, chemistry, alchemy, botany, zoology, maths and astronomy.
The Babylonian civilization, which endured from the 18th until the 6th century BC, was, like the Sumerian that preceded it, urban in character although based on agriculture rather than industry. The country consisted of a dozen or so cities, surrounded by villages and hamlets. At the head of the political structure was the king, a more or less absolute monarch who exercised legislative and judicial as well as executive powers. Under him was a group of appointed governors and administrators. Mayors and councils of city elders were in charge of local administration.
The Babylonians modified and transformed their Sumerian heritage in accordance with their own culture and ethos. The resulting way of life proved to be so effective that it underwent relatively little change for some 1200 years. It exerted influence on all the neighbouring countries, especially the kingdom of Assyria, which adopted Babylonian culture almost in its entirety. Fortunately many written documents from this period have been excavated and made available to scholars one of the most important of which is the remarkable collection of laws often designated as the 'Code of Hammurabi', which together with other documents and letters belonging to different periods, provides a comprehensive picture of Babylonian social structure and economic organization.
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Babylonia
Babylonia
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